Demand side management vad är
Considering the current set of resources available or under consideration—what changes in the purchase pattern of demand from consumers would be of benefit to them and to suppliers? DSM largely originated in the U. This paper uses U. Ever since then there have been staggering capital requirements for new plants, significant fluctuations in demand and energy growth rates, declining financial performance of electric utilities, power producers and energy service providers, and regulatory and consumer concern about rising prices [ 2 ].
During the last four decades, utilities, government entities and other electricity industry stakeholders were discovering the importance of influencing consumers purchase of energy-consuming devices and appliances and their behavior in the utilization of those devices. Energy efficient technologies are high efficiency appliances or devices or involve the use of advanced building envelopes, fenestration, controls or ventilation.
These programs evolved during the s and then included electronic control. Ripple systems employed a method of communication which enabled the utility to slightly disrupt the AC waveform as a means by which a signal could be sent to disconnect and reconnect the appliances [ 3 ]. For demand-side management to be a viable resource option, it has. These Rural Cooperatives typically purchased their wholesale electricity for resale from larger utilities under tariff arrangements which included charges for energy and peak demand.
Demand side management (DSM) is the concept of allowing users to monitor their energy consumption while taking peak energy demand into account.
Demand Side Management
These included: 1 alternative electricity pricing, aka—innovative rates; 2 direct and indirect financial incentives; 3 consumer education; 4 direct customer contact; 5 trade ally cooperation; 6 advertising and promotion; and 7 building codes and appliance efficiency standards. It was originally referred to as demand-side load management. In response, Edison hired personnel to promote the daytime use of electricity.
Thus, they often had substantial incentives to reduce peak demand by load control. These seven, taken in combination with the appropriate technologies, define the type of generic DSM programs or activities being implemented. You have full access to this open access article. What market implementation methods would be needed to influence consumer preference and behavior to produce the desired result? Electrification technologies include all of those which involve the conversion of non-electric end-uses to electricity.
The basic concept of managing the demand for electricity to match the supply at hand is not new. For example, in Detroit Edison replaced water heater time clocks with a radio system. The most prevalent programs and activities referred to in the literature are: load control; thermal energy storage and dual-fuel heating DFH ; innovative rates; energy efficiency; demand response DR ; and electrification.
Control can be direct or through autonomous agents or by the use of controllable appliances or energy management systems. Six bundles were considered to be part of the original DSM concept. These technologies can include those which enable the conversion of existing fossil-fueled applications or the addition of electric end-use appliance where fossil fuel might otherwise have been employed. This continuous monitoring and management of energy consumption aim to improve system reliability while lowering energy costs.
Another early attempt to manage the demand for electricity was to use price as an incentive. Load shifting technologies are those which facilitate moving or shifting existing loads to off-peak periods. Load control, sometimes referred to as direct load control programs were the first type of DSM programs to appear in the U. During the early s a number of U. Rural Electric Cooperatives installed ripple-type load control systems on consumer electric water heaters.
Demand-Side Management and Integrated Resource Planning A very important part of the demand-side management process involves the consistent evaluation of demand-side to supply-side alternatives and vice versa.
Demand-Side Management in Grid – Part 1
Typically it is implemented by using direct load control DLC of appliances or devices by consumer action or by use of automated controls or communications. Bundles of DSM technologies can be grouped by their potential change in load shape which would improve cost or performance in some way. Technologies involved often use process control to modify industrial operations or use electric energy storage or thermal energy storage for space heating, cooling or domestic water heating.
However, in the s most practitioners generally looked upon a host of options independently without a holistic view of their impact. Surveys conducted in revealed that a total of load control projects conducted by electric utilities were reported in the U. These load control activities consisted of three types: direct load control, distributed control and load control. Energy efficient technologies are those which reduce overall energy needs while maintaining or improving the quality of energy services.
Typical technologies employed to fill valleys are electric vehicles, battery energy storage as well as new space heating, cooling or domestic water heating integrated with storage or designed so as not to operate during on-peak periods. Utility planners often studied various customer programs or technology options independently from one another assessing options like time-of-use pricing one day and thermal energy storage TES another—each study done separately without regard for a systematic way to look at load shape changes and the associated costs and benefits to both the electricity consumers and their suppliers from potential programs and activities.
DSM has been viewed as an effective way of mitigating these risks when it was invented and still viewed so today. Peak clipping technologies are those which cause a reduction in coincident demand at the time of system peak. This approach is referred to as integrated resource planning. Efforts aimed at influencing the types of end-uses and their operation is as old as the industry itself. The concept of demand-side management DSM was invented in the late s along with the development of many of the frameworks in use to plan and implement it in the years immediately following.
This paper describes the evolution it has undergone since its invention and some likely changes ahead. As the industry continued to evolve, alternative technologies like storage water heating, either controlled remotely or by time clocks began to appear. Others followed, including Buckeye Power in , Arkansas Power and Light in and various Kansas and Nebraska utilities utilizing irrigation control in the years immediately following.
Examples include the use of electric space heating or water heating instead of natural gas or fuel oil; electric transportation or materials handing instead of gasoline or diesel.